Optimal Non-Zero Price Bids for EVs in Energy and Reserves Markets using Stochastic Optimization
Published in Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM), 2018
In power systems, demand and supply always have to be balanced. This is becoming more challenging due to the sustained penetration of renewable energy sources. Because of the increasing amount of electrical vehicles (EVs), and the high capacity and flexibility of their charging process, EVs are a good candidate for providing balancing services to electric systems. We propose a stochastic optimization method for an EV aggregator that models the uncertainty of the imbalance price, the reserve prices and the probability of acceptance and deployment of reserves. The model results in an optimal charging and discharging strategy considering day-ahead purchase, imbalance trading and reserve bids. Unlike previous studies, the reserve bids consists of both a quantity and an optimal price. Experimental evaluation shows that the proposed stochastic optimization method results in lower costs than deterministic and quantity-only bid solutions.
Recommended citation: Van der Linden, K., de Weerdt, M., & Morales-España, G. (2018). "Optimal Non-Zero Price Bids for EVs in Energy and Reserves Markets using Stochastic Optimization." Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM).
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